Traits are the consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviors that a person exhibits across situations ( Fleeson and Gallagher, 2009). Personality is often conceptualized as the extent to which someone displays high or low levels of specific traits. The study of personality is particularly useful in attempting to examine psychological differences between genders. Whether the underlying causes of psychological gender differences are evolutionary or socio-cultural, understanding how men and women differ in the ways in which they think, feel, and behave can shed light on the human condition. Countless examples from popular culture reinforce this view of extreme differences between the sexes – but is it accurate? Men and women have obviously different biological roles when it comes to propagation of the species, but how much they differ psychologically is a more controversial question, one that requires empirical research to answer adequately.

Many people, including Bill Cosby, perceive the differences between men and women to be large – so large, in fact, that communication between genders may be difficult. Men and women belong to different species and communications between them is still in its infancy. These findings clarify the nature of gender differences in personality and highlight the utility of measuring personality at the aspect level. For Extraversion, Openness, and Conscientiousness, the gender differences were found to diverge at the aspect level, rendering them either small or undetectable at the Big Five level. However, more extensive gender differences were found at the level of the aspects, with significant gender differences appearing in both aspects of every Big Five trait.

Replicating previous findings, women reported higher Big Five Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism scores than men. This paper investigates gender differences in personality traits, both at the level of the Big Five and at the sublevel of two aspects within each Big Five domain. 3 University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.2 Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.1 Department of Psychology, Linfield College, McMinnville, OR, USA.

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